Radiation Source

ABSTRACT

A laser radiation source for a lithographic tool comprising a laser module to emit a first laser beam having a first wavelength and a second laser beam having a second wavelength, a beam separation device to separate the optical paths of the first and second laser beams and substantially recombine the optical paths, a beam delivery system to direct the first and second laser beams to a fuel target and an optical isolation apparatus to: adjust the polarization state of the first laser beam, adjust the polarization state of the second laser beam and to block radiation having the adjusted polarization states such that the reflection of the first laser beam and the reflection of the second laser beam are substantially blocked from propagating towards the laser module.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority of EP application 15155790.7 which wasfiled on 19 Feb. 2015 and which is incorporated herein in its entiretyby reference.

FIELD

The present invention relates to a laser system. The present inventionhas particular, but not exclusive, use within radiation sources forproducing an EUV radiation generating plasma.

BACKGROUND

A lithographic apparatus is a machine constructed to apply a desiredpattern onto a substrate. A lithographic apparatus can be used, forexample, in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs). A lithographicapparatus may for example project a pattern from a patterning device(e.g. a mask) onto a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist)provided on a substrate.

The wavelength of radiation used by a lithographic apparatus to projecta pattern onto a substrate determines the minimum size of features whichcan be formed on that substrate. A lithographic apparatus which uses EUVradiation, being electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength withinthe range 4-20 nm, may be used to form smaller features on a substratethan a conventional lithographic apparatus (which may for example useelectromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 193 nm).

EUV radiation may be produced using a radiation source arranged togenerate an EUV producing plasma. An EUV producing plasma may begenerated, for example, by exciting a fuel, for example liquid tin,within the radiation source. The fuel may be excited by directing a beamof initiating radiation, such as a laser beam, at a target comprisingthe fuel, the initiating radiation beam causing the fuel target tobecome an EUV generating plasma.

It is desirable to provide an EUV radiation source which obviates ormitigates one or more of the problems of the prior art, whetheridentified herein or elsewhere.

SUMMARY

According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a laserradiation source for a lithographic tool, the laser radiation sourcecomprising a laser module configured to emit a first laser beam having afirst wavelength and a second laser beam having a second wavelength, abeam separation device configured to separate the optical paths of thefirst and second laser beams and substantially recombine the opticalpaths of the first and second laser beams, a beam delivery systemconfigured to direct the first and second laser beams to be incident ona fuel target and an optical isolation apparatus configured to adjustthe polarization state of the first laser beam such that a reflection ofthe first laser beam from the fuel target has a first polarizationstate, adjust the polarization state of the second laser beam such thata reflection of the second laser beam from the fuel target has a secondpolarization state; and block radiation having the first and secondpolarization states such that the reflection of the first laser beam andthe reflection of the second laser beam are substantially blocked frompropagating towards the laser module.

The beam separation device advantageously provides separated opticalpaths of the first and second laser beams which allows the first andsecond laser beams to be treated separately. For example, thepolarization state of the first and/or the second laser beam may beadjusted independently of the other of the first and/or the second laserbeam. Additionally or alternatively the reflection of the first and/orthe second laser beam may be blocked independently of the other of thefirst and/or the second laser beam. Allowing for independent treatmentof the first and second laser beams advantageously allows both thereflection of the first and the second laser beam to be substantiallyblocked so as to substantially prevent the reflections from reaching thelaser module. Substantially preventing the reflections of the first andthe second laser beams from reaching the laser module advantageouslyreduces any damage which is caused to the laser module by reflectedlaser beams. Preventing the reflections of the first and the secondlaser beams from reaching the laser module additionally advantageouslyreduces the chance of the laser radiation source from an entering anunstable mode of operation.

The optical isolation apparatus may comprise a first polarizationadjuster arranged in the separated optical path of the first laser beam,wherein the first polarization adjuster is configured to adjust thepolarisation state of the first laser beam independently of the secondlaser beam.

Independent adjustment of the polarization state of the first laser beammay advantageously allow the polarization state of the first laser beamto be adjusted such that the polarization state is substantially thesame as the polarization state of the second laser beam for at least aportion of the optical paths of the first and second laser beams. Thismay allow a single polarizer to be placed in the common optical path ofthe first and second laser beams and which substantially blocks thereflections of the first and the second laser beams.

The optical isolation apparatus may further comprise a secondpolarization adjuster arranged in the optical path of the second laserbeam wherein the second polarization adjuster is configured to adjustthe polarisation state of the second laser beam.

The second polarization adjuster may be arranged in the separatedoptical path of the second laser beam and may be configured to adjustthe polarisation state of the second laser beam independently of thefirst laser beam.

The first polarization state may be the same as the second polarizationstate and the optical isolation apparatus may comprise a polarizerpositioned in the optical path of both the first laser beam and thesecond laser beam, wherein the polarizer is configured to blockradiation having the first and second polarization states.

The optical isolation apparatus may comprise a first polarizerpositioned in the optical path of the first laser beam wherein the firstpolarizer is configured to block radiation having the first polarizationstate and a second polarizer positioned in the optical path of thesecond laser beam wherein the second polarizer is configured to blockradiation having the second polarization state.

The first and second polarization states may be different from eachother.

The first polarizer may be positioned in the separated optical path ofthe first laser beam and may not be positioned in the optical path ofthe second laser beam.

The optical isolation apparatus may comprise at least one phase retarderconfigured to cause a phase retardance in the first and/or second laserbeams.

The at least one phase retarder may be configured to convert asubstantially linear polarization state to a substantially circularpolarization state and to convert a substantially circular polarizationstate to a substantially linear polarization state.

The phase retarder may comprise a reflective phase retarder.

The phase retardance which is caused by the reflective phase retardermay be a function of the angle of incidence of the first and/or secondlaser beams on the reflective phase retarder and the phase retarder mayfurther comprise an actuator configured to alter the orientation of thereflective phase retarder so as to alter the angle of incidence of thefirst and/or second laser beams on the reflective phase retarder.

According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a laserradiation source for a lithographic tool, the laser radiation sourcecomprising a first seed laser configured to emit a first laser beamhaving a first wavelength, a first amplifier configured to amplify thefirst laser beam, a second seed laser configured to emit a second laserbeam having a second wavelength which is different to the firstwavelength, a second amplifier configured to amplify the second laserbeam, a beam combination apparatus configured to substantially combinethe optical paths of the first amplified laser beam and the secondamplified laser beam and a beam delivery system configured to direct thefirst and second amplified laser beams to be incident on a fuel target.

The laser radiation source may further comprise a first optical isolatorarranged in the optical path of the first laser beam between the firstamplifier and the beam combination apparatus, wherein the first opticalisolator is configured to substantially block a reflection of the firstlaser beam from the fuel target from propagating towards the firstamplifier.

The laser radiation source may further comprise a second opticalisolator arranged in the optical path of the second laser beam betweenthe second amplifier and the beam combination apparatus, wherein thesecond optical isolator is configured to substantially block areflection of the second laser beam from the fuel target frompropagating towards the second amplifier.

According to a third aspect of the invention there is provided aradiation source comprising a fuel emitter configured to emit a fuel anddirect the fuel so as to provide a fuel target and a laser radiationsource according to the first or the second aspect and configured toilluminate the fuel target with first and second laser beams.

The fuel may comprise tin.

The first laser beam may be configured to alter the shape of the fueltarget.

The second laser beam may be configured to excite the fuel target toform a plasma which emits EUV radiation.

According to a fourth aspect of the invention there is provided alithographic system comprising a radiation source according to the thirdaspect and a lithographic apparatus arranged to receive a radiation beamfrom the radiation source, the lithographic apparatus comprising: anillumination system configured to condition the radiation beam receivedfrom the radiation source, a support structure constructed to support apatterning device, the patterning device being capable of imparting theradiation beam with a pattern in its cross-section to form a patternedradiation beam; a substrate table constructed to hold a substrate and aprojection system configured to project the patterned radiation beamonto the substrate.

According to a fifth aspect of the invention there is provided a methodof providing first and second laser beams, the method comprisingemitting a first laser beam having a first wavelength and a second laserbeam having a second wavelength from a laser module, separating theoptical paths of the first and second laser beams and substantiallyrecombining the optical paths of the first and second laser beams,directing the first and second laser beams to be incident on a fueltarget, adjusting the polarization state of the first laser beam suchthat a reflection of the first laser beam from the fuel target has afirst polarization state, adjusting the polarization state of the secondlaser beam such that a reflection of the second laser beam from the fueltarget has a second polarization state and blocking radiation having thefirst and second polarization states such that the reflection of thefirst laser beam and the reflection of the second laser beam aresubstantially blocked from propagating towards the laser module.

Adjusting the polarization state of the first laser beam may compriseadjusting the polarisation state of the first laser beam independentlyof the second laser beam.

Adjusting the polarization state of the second laser beam may compriseadjusting the polarisation state of the second laser beam independentlyof the first laser beam.

The first polarization state may be the same as the second polarizationstate.

Adjusting the polarization state of the first laser beam and/oradjusting the polarization state of the second laser beam may comprisecausing a phase retardance in the first and/or second laser beams.

Adjusting the polarization state of the first laser beam and/oradjusting the polarization state of the second laser beam may compriseconverting a substantially linear polarization state to a substantiallycircular polarization state and/or converting a substantially circularpolarization state to a substantially linear polarization state.

It will be appreciated that one or more aspects or features described inthe preceding or following descriptions may be combined with one or moreother aspects or features.

According to another aspect a laser radiation source for a lithographictool is provided, the laser radiation source comprising a laserapparatus configured to emit a laser beam and a beam delivery systemconfigured to direct the laser beam to be incident upon a fuel target,wherein the laser radiation source further comprises an opticalisolation apparatus configured to modify a transverse phase of the laserbeam as it propagates towards the fuel target and to further modify thetransverse phase of a portion of the laser beam which is reflected backfrom the fuel target; the modification and the further modification ofthe transverse phase adding together to provide a cumulative transversephase modification of the reflected laser beam portion which diverts thereflected laser beam portion such that it does not re-enter the laserapparatus.

The reflected laser beam portion caused by the cumulative transversephase modification may be diverted to be incident upon an aperture body.The reflected laser beam portion caused by the cumulative transversephase modification may be diverted outside of a numerical aperture ofthe laser apparatus. The optical isolation apparatus may include aspiral phase plate which may be configured to apply a transverse phasewhich may be configured to apply a transverse phase modification of 2πradians multiplied by a non-zero integer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of exampleonly, with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a lithographic system comprising alithographic apparatus and a laser radiation source according to anembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an alternative EUV radiationsource comprising a laser radiation source according to an embodiment ofthe invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a laser radiation source accordingto an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a polarization adjuster which mayform part of a laser radiation source according to an embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a pre-pulse isolator which mayform part of a laser radiation source according to an embodiment of theinvention; and

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of an alternative embodiment of alaser radiation source according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows a lithographic system including a radiation source SOaccording to one embodiment of the invention. The lithographic systemfurther comprises a lithographic apparatus LA. The radiation source SOis configured to generate an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation beam Band may therefore be referred to as an EUV radiation source. Thelithographic apparatus LA comprises an illumination system IL, a supportstructure MT configured to support a patterning device MA (e.g. a mask),a projection system PS and a substrate table WT configured to support asubstrate W. The illumination system IL is configured to condition theradiation beam B before it is incident upon the patterning device MA.The projection system is configured to project the radiation beam B (nowpatterned by the mask MA) onto the substrate W. The substrate W mayinclude previously formed patterns. Where this is the case, thelithographic apparatus aligns the patterned radiation beam B with apattern previously formed on the substrate W.

The EUV radiation source SO, illumination system IL, and projectionsystem PS may all be constructed and arranged such that they can beisolated from the external environment. A gas at a pressure belowatmospheric pressure (e.g. hydrogen) may be provided in the EUVradiation source SO. A vacuum may be provided in the illumination systemIL and/or the projection system PS. A small amount of gas (e.g.hydrogen) at a pressure well below atmospheric pressure may be providedin the illumination system IL and/or the projection system PS.

The EUV radiation source SO shown in FIG. 1 is of a type which may bereferred to as a laser produced plasma (LPP) source. A laser radiationsource 1 is arranged to deposit energy via a laser beam 2 into a fuel,which is provided from a fuel emitter 3. The laser beam 2 may bereferred to as an initiating radiation beam. The fuel may for example bein liquid form, and may for example be a metal or alloy, such as tin(Sn). Although tin is referred to in the following description, anysuitable fuel may be used. The fuel emitter 3 is configured to emit afuel and direct the fuel to a plasma formation region 4 so as to providea fuel target at the plasma formation region 4. The fuel emitter 3 maycomprise a nozzle configured to direct tin, e.g. in the form ofdroplets, along a trajectory towards the plasma formation region 4. Thelaser beam 2 is incident upon the tin at the plasma formation region 4.The deposition of laser energy into the tin excites the tin to form aplasma 7 at the plasma formation region 4. Radiation, including EUVradiation, is emitted from the plasma 7 during de-excitation andrecombination of ions of the plasma. The laser radiation source 1 may beused in a pulsed configuration, such that the laser beam 2 is a laserpulse. Where the fuel is provided as a droplet, a respective laser pulsemay be directed at each fuel droplet.

The EUV radiation is collected and focused by a near normal incidenceradiation collector 5 (sometimes referred to more generally as a normalincidence radiation collector). The collector 5 may have a multilayerstructure which is arranged to reflect EUV radiation (e.g. EUV radiationhaving a desired wavelength such as 13.5 nm). The collector 5 may havean elliptical configuration, having two ellipse focal points. A firstfocal point may be at the plasma formation region 4, and a second focalpoint may be at an intermediate focus 6, as discussed below.

The laser radiation source 1 may be separated from the radiation sourceSO. Where this is the case, the laser beam 2 may be passed from thelaser radiation source 1 to the radiation source SO with the aid of thebeam delivery system. The laser radiation source 1 and the EUV radiationsource SO may together be considered to be a radiation system.

Radiation that is reflected by the collector 5 forms a radiation beam B.The radiation beam B is focused at point 6 to form an image of theplasma formation region 4, which acts as a virtual radiation source forthe illumination system IL. The point 6 at which the radiation beam B isfocused may be referred to as the intermediate focus. The EUV radiationsource SO is arranged such that the intermediate focus 6 is located ator near to an opening 8 in an enclosing structure 9 of the EUV radiationsource SO.

The radiation beam B passes from the EUV radiation source SO into theillumination system IL, which is configured to condition the radiationbeam B. The illumination system IL may include a facetted field mirrordevice 10 and a facetted pupil mirror device 11. The faceted fieldmirror device 10 and faceted pupil mirror device 11 together provide theradiation beam B with a desired cross-sectional shape and a desiredangular distribution. The radiation beam B passes from the illuminationsystem IL and is incident upon the patterning device MA held by thesupport structure MT. The patterning device MA reflects and patterns theradiation beam B. The illumination system IL may include other mirrorsor devices in addition to or instead of the faceted field mirror device10 and faceted pupil mirror device 11.

Following reflection from the patterning device MA the patternedradiation beam B enters the projection system PS. The projection systemcomprises a plurality of mirrors 13, 14 which are configured to projectthe radiation beam B onto a substrate W held by the substrate table WT.The projection system PS may apply a reduction factor to the radiationbeam, forming an image with features that are smaller than correspondingfeatures on the patterning device MA. A reduction factor of 4 may, forexample, be applied. Although the projection system PS has two mirrors13, 14 in FIG. 1, the projection system may include any number ofmirrors.

FIG. 2 shows a laser produced plasma (LPP) EUV radiation source SO whichhas an alternative configuration to the radiation source shown inFIG. 1. The EUV radiation source SO includes a fuel emitter 3 which isconfigured to deliver fuel to a plasma formation region 4. The fuel may,for example be tin, although any suitable fuel may be used. A lasersource 1 emits a laser beam 2. The laser beam 2 is directed to beincident on the fuel at a plasma formation region 4. A mirror 30 is usedto direct the laser beam 2 to the plasma formation region 4. The laserbeam 2 delivers energy to the fuel and thereby converts the fuel into anEUV radiation emitting plasma 7.

A radiation collector 21, which may be a so-called grazing incidencecollector, is configured to collect the EUV radiation and focus the EUVradiation at a point 6 which may be referred to as the intermediatefocus. Thus, an image of the radiation emitting plasma 7 is formed atthe intermediate focus 6. An enclosure structure 22 of the radiationsource SO includes an opening 23 which is at or near to the intermediatefocus 6. The EUV radiation passes through the opening 23 to anillumination system of a lithographic apparatus (e.g. of the form shownschematically in FIG. 1).

The radiation collector 21 may be a nested collector, with a pluralityof grazing incidence reflectors 24, 25 and 26 (e.g. as schematicallydepicted). The grazing incidence reflectors 24, 25 and 26 may bedisposed axially symmetrically around an optical axis O. The illustratedradiation collector 21 is shown merely as an example, and otherradiation collectors may be used.

The EUV radiation sources SO shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 may includecomponents which are not illustrated. For example, one or morecontaminant traps may be included in the EUV radiation sources SO shownin FIGS. 1 and 2. A contaminant trap may be configured to prevent debriswhich may be emitted from a plasma formation region 4 from contaminatinga radiation collector 5, 21. Additionally or alternatively a spectralfilter may be provided in a radiation source. The spectral filter may besubstantially transmissive for EUV radiation but substantially blockingfor other wavelengths of radiation such as infrared radiation.

In order to improve a conversion efficiency (CE) with which energy froma laser beam 2 is converted to EUV radiation, a fuel may initially beilluminated with a pre-pulse laser beam before being illuminated by amain-pulse laser beam. For example, a pre-pulse laser beam may begenerated and directed at the fuel in order to change a property of thefuel such as its size and/or shape, before a main-pulse, plasmagenerating, laser beam is directed at the fuel. A main-pulse may beincident on the fuel, for example, approximately 2 μs after a pre-pulseis incident on the fuel. The pre-pulse laser beam and the main-pulselaser beam may, for example, have repetition rates of approximately 50kHz. A pre-pulse laser beam and a main-pulse laser beam may both beemitted from the same laser radiation source 1.

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a laser radiation source 101 accordingto an embodiment of the invention. The laser radiation source 101comprises a laser module 103. The laser module 103 comprises a pre-pulseseed laser 105 configured to emit a pre-pulse laser beam 109 and amain-pulse seed laser 107 configured to emit a main-pulse laser beam111. The pre-pulse laser beam 109 and the main-pulse laser beam 111 havedifferent wavelengths.

As will be described further below, the pre-pulse laser beam 109 and themain-pulse laser beam 111 may propagate through one or more gain mediawhich cause amplification of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams.The wavelengths of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams may, forexample, correspond to different rotational and/or vibrational energytransitions in a gain medium which may be used to amplify the pre-pulseand main-pulse laser beams. For example, in an embodiment the pre-pulseand main-pulse laser beams may be amplified in a gain medium comprisingCO₂. In such an embodiment the pre-pulse laser beam may have awavelength of approximately 10.26 μm and the main-pulse laser beam mayhave a wavelength of approximately 10.59 μm.

In order to amplify the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams in a commongain medium and to direct the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams to beincident on the same fuel target, the optical paths of the pre-pulse andmain-pulse laser beams are combined using a beam combiner 113. In theembodiment which is shown in FIG. 3, a mirror 115 is arranged to directthe pre-pulse laser beam 109 to be incident on the beam combiner 113.The beam combiner 113 comprises a dichroic mirror which is configured tosubstantially transmit radiation having the wavelength of the main-pulselaser beam 111 and to substantially reflect radiation having thewavelength of the pre-pulse laser beam 109. The relative orientations ofthe pre-pulse seed laser 105, the main-pulse seed laser 107, the mirror115 and the beam combiner 113 are such that the pre-pulse and main-pulselaser beams propagate out of the laser module 103 along a common opticalpath 117.

In other embodiments arrangements of optical components other than thoseshown in FIG. 3 may be used to combine the optical paths of thepre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams. For example, in some embodimentsthe beam combiner 113 may comprise a dichroic mirror which is configuredto substantially reflect radiation having the wavelength of themain-pulse laser beam 111 and to substantially transmit radiation havingthe wavelength of the pre-pulse laser beam 109.

The common optical path 117 of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beamspasses through a pre-amplifier 119, an optical isolator 121, anamplification stage 123, a beam-separation apparatus 125 and a beamdelivery system 127. The beam delivery system 127 is configured todirect the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams to be incident on a fueltarget 129. The beam delivery system 127 may, for example, comprise oneor more optical components (e.g. mirrors and/or lenses) which areconfigured to direct and focus the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beamsonto the fuel target 129. The fuel target 129 may, for example, comprisea droplet of fuel (e.g. tin) at a plasma formation region 7 (e.g. theplasma formation regions 4 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2).

The pre-amplifier 119 and the amplification stage 123 each comprise atleast one gain medium. The gain media of the pre-amplifier 119 and theamplification stage 123 are each pumped in order to bring about a stateof population inversion within the gain media such that the pre-pulseand main-pulse laser beams experience a gain. A gain medium which formsthe pre-amplifier 119 and/or the amplification stage 123 may, forexample, comprise a gas. In an embodiment the gas may include CO₂. Insome embodiments a gas which forms a gain medium may, for example,comprise helium and/or nitrogen. A gain medium may be pumped byelectrical discharge. For example, a gain medium comprising a gas may bepumped with a radio frequency (RF) power source.

In some embodiments the amplification stage comprises a plurality ofamplification chambers each comprising a pumped gain medium. Theavailable gain in the amplification chambers may be different indifferent amplification chambers. For example, the gain which isexperienced in each amplification chamber by a laser beam propagatingthrough the amplification chambers may increase as the laser beampropagates from the laser module 103 and towards the fuel target 129.

As was described above the laser module 103 is configured to emit pulsesof a pre-pulse laser beam 109 and a main-pulse laser beam 111 which areamplified and directed to be incident on a fuel target 129. Typically apulse of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 is emitted prior to the emissionof a corresponding pulse of the main-pulse laser beam 111. For example,a pulse of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 may be emitted approximately 2μs prior to the emission of a pulse of the main-pulse laser beam 111.Pulses of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams may be emitted with afrequency and phase such that their arrival at, for example, a plasmaformation location 4 coincides with the arrival of a droplet of fuel atthe plasma formation location 7 so as to provide a fuel target 129 onwhich the laser beams are incident.

A pulse of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 may change a property of thefuel target 129 such as its size and/or shape in order to prepare thefuel target 129 for illumination by a pulse of the main-pulse laser beam111. The main-pulse laser beam 111 which is incident on the fuel target129 may have a higher power than the pre-pulse laser beam 109 which isincident on the fuel target 129. For example, the pre-pulse laser beam109 may be incident on the fuel target 129 with a power of approximately3-5 kW whereas the main-pulse laser beam 111 may be incident on the fueltarget 129 with a power of approximately 25 kW. The difference in powerbetween the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams may result from thepre-pulse seed laser 105 and the main-pulse seed laser 107 emittingbeams having different powers. Additionally the different wavelengths ofthe pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams may result in the beamsexperiencing different gains in the pre-amplifier 119 and/or theamplification stage 123 thereby resulting in a different amplificationof the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams. The power of the main-pulselaser beam 111 which is incident on the fuel target 129 is sufficient toexcite the fuel target 129 to form an EUV radiation emitting plasma.

The fuel target 129 may reflect a portion of the pre-pulse laser beam109 and a portion of the main-pulse laser beam 111. For example, thefuel target 129 may have a reflectivity of approximately 0.1%-1%. Areflection of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams from the fueltarget 129 will propagate back through the laser radiation source 101along the same optical path along which the pre-pulse and main-pulselaser beams propagate from the pre-pulse seed laser 105 and themain-pulse seed laser 107 to the fuel target 129. A reflection from thefuel target 129 may therefore be amplified in the amplification stageand/or the pre-amplifier 119 before re-entering the pre-pulse seed laser105 or the main-pulse seed laser 107. A reflection form the fuel target129 which propagates back towards the laser module 103 may lead to oneor more undesirable effects occurring in the laser radiation source 103.

For example, a reflected pulse which is allowed to re-enter thepre-pulse seed laser 105 or the main-pulse seed laser 107 may causedamage to the pre-pulse seed laser 105 or the main-pulse seed laser 107and/or may lead to unstable operation of the pre-pulse seed laser 105 orthe main-pulse seed laser 107.

Additionally or alternatively the propagation of a reflection of thepre-pulse laser beam 109 or the main-pulse laser beam 111 through thepre-amplifier 119, may temporarily reduce the available gain in thepre-amplifier 119 due to an effect which may be referred to as gainstripping. When a pulse of laser radiation propagates through a gainmedium, energy from the gain medium is used to amplify the pulse oflaser radiation. The energy which is stored by the gain medium istherefore reduced by a laser pulse propagating through the gain medium.The available gain of a gain medium is related to the energy which isstored by the gain medium and thus a pulse of laser radiation whichpropagates through a gain medium serves to temporarily reduce theavailable gain of the gain medium. After the pulse of laser radiationhas passed through the gain medium the available gain increases againdue to pumping of the gain medium (e.g. by electrical discharge).However the increase in the gain is not instantaneous and thus there isa period of time after propagation of a pulse of laser radiation througha gain medium during which the available gain is reduced.

Gain stripping in the pre-amplifier 119 may, for example, reduce thegain which is available to subsequent pulses of the main-pulse laserbeam 111 and/or the pre-pulse laser beam 109. For example, a reflectionof a pulse of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 may pass back through thepre-amplifier 119 prior to the emission of a corresponding pulse of themain-pulse laser beam 111 and may cause gain stripping in thepre-amplifier 119 which reduces the gain which is available to thecorresponding pulse of the main-pulse laser beam 111. Amplification ofthe main-pulse laser beam 111 in the pre-amplifier 119 may therefore bereduced such that the power of the main-pulse laser beam 111 which isincident on the fuel target 129 is reduced. A reduction of the power ofthe main-pulse laser beam 111 which is incident on the fuel target willdisadvantageously reduce the amount of energy which is deposited intothe fuel target thereby reducing the amount of EUV radiation which isemitted from the fuel. It is therefore desirable to substantiallyprevent a reflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 from propagatingthrough the pre-amplifier 119 so as to increase the power of themain-pulse laser beam 111 which is incident on the fuel target 129.

A reduction of the amount of energy which is deposited into the fueltarget 129 may also lead to unstable operation of a radiation source SO.For example, a reduction in the amount of energy which is deposited intothe fuel target 129 may increase an amount of debris which is producedby the fuel (because less of the fuel is converted into radiationemitting plasma). An increase in the amount of debris which is producedby the fuel may affect the trajectory of a subsequent droplet of fuelwhich is directed to the plasma formation region 4 (due to collisionsbetween the debris and the fuel droplet). A change in the trajectory ofa subsequent droplet of fuel may affect the position and/or theorientation of the subsequent droplet of fuel when a pulse of thepre-pulse laser beam 109 is incident on the droplet of fuel. This may inturn affect the fraction of a pre-pulse laser beam 109 which isreflected from the droplet of fuel and thus may affect the power of areflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 which propagates through thepre-amplifier 119. The power of the reflected pre-pulse laser beam 109which propagates through the pre-amplifier 119 affects the amount bywhich the available gain in the pre-amplifier is reduced due to gainstripping, which in turn affects the amount by which a subsequent pulseof the main-pulse laser beam 111 is amplified in the pre-amplifier 119.

Gain stripping which may occur in the pre-amplifier 119 due to thepropagation of a reflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 through thepre-amplifier 119 may therefore affect a number of properties of thelaser radiation source 101 which may lead to unstable operation of thelaser radiation source 101. That, is the power of pulses of themain-pulse laser beam 111 which is incident on the fuel target 129 maybe different for different pulses. Unstable operation of the laserradiation source 101 may disadvantageously lead to unstable operation ofan EUV radiation source SO which is driven by the laser radiation source101. It is therefore desirable to substantially prevent a reflection ofthe pre-pulse laser beam 109 from propagating through the pre-amplifier119 so as to prevent unstable operation of the laser radiation source101.

In order to substantially prevent a reflection of the pre-pulse laserbeam 109 and/or a reflection of the main-pulse laser beam 111 frompropagating through the pre-amplifier 119, an optical isolator 121 ispositioned in the common optical path 117 of the pre-pulse andmain-pulse laser beams. The optical isolator 121 is configured tosubstantially block a reflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 and/orthe main-pulse laser beam 111 from propagating towards the pre-amplifier119 and the laser module 103, whilst allowing the pre-pulse andmain-pulse laser beams to propagate towards the fuel target 129.

In the embodiment which is shown in FIG. 3, the optical isolator 121comprises a polarizer 131 and a phase retarder 133. The polarizer 131 isconfigured to only transmit radiation having a given linear polarizationstate. The pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams which are received fromthe laser module 103 may be linearly polarized and may have the givenpolarization state which is transmitted by the polarizer 131. Thepolarizer 131 may therefore substantially transmit the pre-pulse andmain-pulse laser beams as they propagate from the laser module 103 andtowards the fuel target 129.

The phase retarder 133 is configured to cause a phase retardance betweenperpendicularly polarized components of both the pre-pulse andmain-pulse laser beams. For example, in an embodiment the phase retarder133 may be configured to cause a phase retardance betweenperpendicularly polarized components of the pre-pulse and main-pulselaser beams such that the phase retarder converts linearly polarizedradiation into circularly polarized radiation and vice-versa.

In an embodiment the phase retarder 131 may include a reflective phaseretarder which may, for example, comprise a multilayer mirror. Thereflective phase retarder may be orientated relative to the commonoptical path 117 of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams such thatthe plane of incidence at the reflective phase retarder forms an angleof approximately 45° with the plane of polarization of the pre-pulse andmain-pulse laser beams. The pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams whichare incident on the reflective phase retarder therefore comprise ans-polarized component and a p-polarized component of approximately equalmagnitude. The reflective phase retarder may be configured to cause aphase retardance of approximately 90° between the s and p-polarizedcomponents which are incident on the reflective phase retarder. In suchan embodiment the linear polarization states of the pre-pulse andmain-pulse laser beams are converted to a substantially circularlypolarized state by the phase retarder 133.

In embodiments in which the phase retarder 133 includes a reflectivephase retarder the direction of propagation of the pre-pulse andmain-pulse laser beams is changed by reflection from the reflectivephase retarder. In such embodiments, the phase retarder 133 may includeone or more further reflective elements which are arranged so as toredirect the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams such that theypropagate along a desired optical path (e.g. towards the amplificationstage 123).

In other embodiments the phase retarder 133 may include a transmissivewave plate. For example, the phase retarder 133 may include aquarter-wave plate. In an embodiment, the quarter-wave plate may bearranged such that an optic axis of the quarter-wave plate forms anangle of approximately 45° with a polarization plane of the pre-pulseand main-pulse laser beams such that the quarter-wave plate converts thelinear polarization state of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams toa substantially circularly polarized state.

Some embodiments of a phase retarder 133 may include a plurality ofoptical elements which are configured to adjust the polarization stateof the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams by introducing a phaseretardance between perpendicularly polarized components of the pre-pulseand main-pulse laser beams. In general the phase retarder may compriseany optical element or combination of optical elements which areconfigured to introduce a phase retardance between perpendicularlypolarized components of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams.

In some embodiments the phase retarder 133 is configured to convert thelinear polarization states of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beamsto approximately circular polarization states such that the pre-pulseand main-pulse laser beams which propagate from the phase retarder 133and towards the fuel target 129 are each approximately circularlypolarized. A circular polarization state has a handedness whichrepresents the direction in which the electric field vector rotates withtime. For example, a circularly polarized laser beam may have aright-handed circular polarization state (corresponding to clockwiserotation of the electric field vector as viewed along the direction ofpropagation of the laser beam) or a left-handed circular polarizationstate (corresponding to anti-clockwise rotation of the electric fieldvector as viewed along the direction of propagation of the laser beam).

The handedness of a circular polarization state of a laser beam may bereversed by reflection of the laser beam from a surface on which thelaser beam is incident at approximately normal incidence. That is, alaser beam having a right-handed circular polarization state which isreflected at approximately normal incidence results in a reflectedlaser-beam having a left-handed circular polarization state andvice-versa.

As was described above, both the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beamsundergo a reflection from the fuel target 129 at close to normalincidence. The handedness of the polarization states of the pre-pulseand main-pulse laser beams are therefore reversed during reflection fromthe fuel target. Reflections of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beamsfrom the fuel target therefore have approximately circular polarizationstates of opposite handedness to the circular polarization states of thepre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams which are incident on the fueltarget.

Reflections of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams propagate backalong the reverse of the common optical path 117 such that they areincident on the optical isolator 121. The phase retarder 133 of theoptical isolator 121 introduces a phase retardance betweenperpendicularly polarized components of the reflections of the pre-pulseand main-pulse laser beams. The phase retardance which is introduced tothe reflections of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams by the phaseretarder 133 is the same as the phase retardance which was introduced tothe pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams as they propagated towards thefuel target.

As was described above, the reflections of the pre-pulse and main-pulselaser beams which are incident on the phase retarder are approximatelycircularly polarized with an opposite handedness to the pre-pulse andmain-pulse laser beams which propagate towards the fuel target 129. Theapproximately circular polarization states of the reflected pre-pulseand main-pulse laser beams are converted to approximately linearpolarization states by the phase retarder 133. However, since thereflected pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams have approximatelycircular polarization states of opposite handedness to the circularpolarization states of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams whichpropagate towards the fuel target 129, then the linear polarizationstates of the reflected pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams which areoutput from the phase retarder 133 are approximately orthogonal to thelinear polarization states of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beamswhich propagate towards the fuel target 129.

As was described above the polarizer 131 is arranged so as to transmitradiation having the linear polarization state of the pre-pulse andmain-pulse laser beams which are output from the laser module 103. Ifthe reflected pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams which are incident onthe polarizer 131 have linear polarization states which areapproximately orthogonal to the linear polarization states of thepre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams which are transmitted by thepolarizer 131 towards the fuel target 129, then the reflected pre-pulseand main-pulse laser beams are blocked by the polarizer 131, therebypreventing reflections of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams frompropagating towards the pre-amplifier 119 and the laser module 103.

It will be appreciated from the above description that if the reflectedpre-pulse laser beam and the reflected main-pulse laser beam which areincident on the polarizer 131 both have the same linear polarizationstate which is orthogonal to the polarization state which is transmittedby the polarizer 131 then both the reflected pre-pulse laser beam andthe main-pulse laser beam will be blocked by the polarizer 131.

However, as was mentioned above, the pre-pulse and main-pulse laserbeams have different wavelengths. The different wavelengths of thepre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams may cause the two beams to undergodifferent polarization changes during their passage from the lasermodule 103 to the fuel target 129 and back again. For example, the phaseretardance which is introduced to the pre-pulse laser beam 109 by thephase retarder 133 may be slightly different to the phase retardancewhich is introduced to the main-pulse laser beam 111. If the pre-pulselaser beam 109 and the main-pulse laser beam 111 were to follow the sameoptical path throughout the laser radiation system 101 then thisdifference in the polarization changes which the pre-pulse andmain-pulse laser beams experience would cause reflections of thepre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams to be incident on the polarizer 131with different polarization states. In the event that the reflections ofthe pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams which are incident on thepolarizer 131 have different polarization states then at least a portionof one or both of the reflections will be undesirably transmitted by thepolarizer 131.

In order to reduce any transmission of reflections of the pre-pulse ormain-pulse laser beams through the polarizer 131, the laser radiationsource 101 is provided with a beam-separation apparatus 125. The beamseparation apparatus 125 is configured to separate the optical paths ofthe pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams and recombine the optical pathsof the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams. The beam separationapparatus 125 therefore provides a separated portion of the opticalpaths of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams which may allow forindependent adjustment of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams.

In the embodiment which is depicted in FIG. 3, the beam separationapparatus 125 comprises a first dichroic mirror 135 a and a seconddichroic mirror 135 b. The dichroic mirrors 135 a, 135 b are eachconfigured to substantially reflect radiation having the wavelength ofthe pre-pulse laser beam 109 and to substantially transmit radiationhaving the wavelength of the main-pulse laser beam 111. The firstdichroic mirror 135 a is arranged to reflect the pre-pulse laser beam109 away from the optical path of the main-pulse laser beam 111 so as toseparate the optical paths of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams.The second dichroic mirror 135 b is arranged to re-combine the opticalpaths of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams. The beam separationapparatus further comprises two mirrors 137 a and 137 b which arearranged to direct the pre-pulse laser beam 109 between the firstdichroic mirror 135 a and the second dichroic mirror 135 b.

In other embodiments, the beam separation apparatus may take otherforms. For example, in an alternative embodiment the dichroic mirrors135 a, 135 b may be configured to substantially transmit radiationhaving the wavelength of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 and tosubstantially reflect radiation having the wavelength of the main-pulselaser beam 111. In general the beam separation apparatus may compriseany apparatus which is configured to separate the optical paths of thepre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams and recombine the optical paths ofthe pre-pulse and the main-pulse laser beams.

The beam separation apparatus 125 provides separated portions of theoptical paths of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams. In theembodiment of FIG. 3, a first polarization adjuster 139 is provided inthe separated optical path of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 and a secondpolarization adjuster 141 is provided in the separated optical path ofthe main-pulse laser beam 111. The first and second polarizationadjusters 139, 141 are configured to adjust the polarization states ofthe pre-pulse and the main-pulse laser beams independently of oneanother. For example, the first and second polarization adjusters 139,141 may be configured to introduce different phase retardances to thepre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams.

In the embodiment which is shown in FIG. 3, the first and secondpolarization adjusters 139, 141 may be configured to independentlyadjust the polarization states of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laserbeams such that reflections of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beamswhich are incident on the polarizer 131 have substantially the samelinear polarization state. In particular the first and secondpolarization adjusters may be configured to independently adjust thepolarization states of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams suchthat reflections of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams which areincident on the polarizer 131 have a linear polarization state which isorthogonal to the polarization state which is transmitted by thepolarizer 131. In such an embodiment the polarizer 131 substantiallyblocks reflections of both the pre-pulse and the main-pulse laser beamsfrom propagating towards the pre-amplifier 119 and the laser module 103.

One or both of the first and second polarization adjusters 139, 141 maycomprise a transmissive wave plate. For example, the first and/or thesecond polarization adjuster 139, 141 may comprise a half-wave platewhich is configured to introduce a phase retardance to the pre-pulse orthe main-pulse laser beam. The phase retardance which is caused by ahalf-wave plate may adjusted by rotation of the half-wave plate. Ahalf-wave plate may be orientated so as to cause a desired phaseretardance in the pre-pulse or main-pulse laser beam.

In the embodiment which is shown in FIG. 3 the polarization state ofboth the pre-pulse and the main-pulse laser beams are adjustedindependently with the first and second polarization adjusters 139, 141.However, in some embodiments the polarization state of only one of thepre-pulse or the main-pulse laser beam may be independently adjustedwith a polarization adjuster.

For example, in an embodiment the phase retarder 133 may be configuredto introduce a phase retardance of 90° to the main-pulse laser beam 111so as to convert the linear polarization state of the main-pulse laserbeam to a substantially circular polarization state. As was explainedabove the handedness of the circular polarization state of themain-pulse laser beam 111 is reversed by reflection from the fuel targetsuch that a reflection of the main-pulse laser beam 111 has asubstantially circular polarization state of opposite handedness to thepolarization state of the main-pulse laser beam 111 which propagatestowards the fuel target 129. The reflection of the main-pulse laser beam111 undergoes a phase retardance at the phase retarder 133 whichconverts the circular polarization state of the reflection to a linearpolarization state which is perpendicular to the linear polarizationstate of the main-pulse laser beam 111 which is transmitted by thepolarizer 131. The reflection of the main-pulse laser beam 111 istherefore substantially blocked by the polarizer 131 from propagatingtowards the pre-amplifier 119. In such an embodiment the secondpolarization adjuster 141 may therefore be discarded since no furtheradjustment to the polarization state of the main-pulse laser beam 111may be needed in order to block a reflection of the main-pulse laserbeam 111 at the polarizer 131.

However, since the pre-pulse laser beam 109 has a different wavelengthto the main-pulse laser beam 111 the phase retardance which isintroduced to the pre-pulse laser beam 109 by the phase retarder 133 maybe different to 90°. For example, the phase retardance which isintroduced to the pre-pulse laser beam 109 by the phase retarder 133 maybe such that the linear polarization state of the pre-pulse laser beam109 is converted to an elliptical polarization state. If the pre-pulselaser beam 109 were to be subjected to no further phase retardances onits optical path to the fuel target 129 then a reflection of thepre-pulse laser beam 109 would have an elliptical polarization state ofopposite handedness to the elliptical polarization state of thepre-pulse laser beam 109 which propagates towards the fuel target 129.The elliptical polarization state of the reflection of the pre-pulselaser beam 109 would be converted to a linear polarization state at thephase retarder 133. However the linear polarization state of thereflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 which is incident on thepolarizer 131 would not be perpendicular to the linear polarizationstate which is transmitted by the polarizer 131. The reflection of thepre-pulse laser beam 109 which is incident on the polarizer 131 wouldtherefore include a component which is transmitted by the polarizer 131and which may therefore enter the pre-amplifier 119 and propagatetowards the laser module 103.

In order to reduce the transmission of a reflection of the pre-pulselaser beam 109 at the polarizer 131, a further phase retardance may beintroduced to the pre-pulse laser beam 109 by the first polarizationadjuster 139 (independently of the main-pulse laser beam 111). The phaseretardance which is introduced by the first polarization adjuster 139may compensate for the difference in phase retardance which isintroduced to the main-pulse and pre-pulse laser beams at the phaseretarder 133. For example, the phase retardance which is introduced tothe pre-pulse laser beam 109 by the first polarization adjuster 139 maybe sufficient to convert the polarization state of the pre-pulse laserbeam 109 from an elliptical polarization state to a circularpolarization state. Converting the polarization state of the pre-pulselaser beam 109 to a circular polarization state may result in areflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 which is incident on thepolarizer 131 having a linear polarization state which is orthogonal tothe linear polarization state which is transmitted by the polarizer 131.The polarizer 131 may therefore substantially block a reflection of thepre-pulse laser beam from propagating towards the pre-amplifier 119 andthe laser module 103.

In an alternative embodiment the phase retarder 133 may be configured toconvert the polarization state of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 to asubstantially circular polarization state. In such an embodiment thefirst polarization adjuster 139 may therefore be discarded since nofurther adjustment to the polarization state of the pre-pulse laser beam109 may be needed in order to block a reflection of the pre-pulse laserbeam 109 at the polarizer 131. In such an embodiment the phase retarder133 may convert the polarization state of the main-pulse laser beam 111to an elliptical polarization state. In order to reduce any transmissionof a reflection of the main-pulse laser beam 111 at the polarizer 131,the second polarization adjuster 141 may be configured to introduce anadditional phase retardance to the main-pulse laser beam 111 so as tocause a reflection of the main-pulse laser beam 111 which is incident onthe polarizer 131 to have a polarization state which is substantiallyperpendicular to the polarization state which is transmitted by thepolarizer 131.

Whilst embodiments have been described above in which only thepolarization state of one of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 and themain-pulse laser beam 111 is adjusted independently of the other laserbeam, in other embodiments the polarization state of both the pre-pulseand the main-pulse laser beams may be adjusted independently using thefirst and second polarization adjusters 139, 141 shown in FIG. 3. Itmay, for example, be advantageous to be able to adjust the polarizationstates of both the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams in order tocompensate for any alterations of the polarization state of thepre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams which occur along the optical pathof the laser beams. For example, during propagation of the pre-pulse andthe main-pulse laser beams through the beam delivery system 127, thepre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams may undergo one or more reflectionswhich alter the polarization states (e.g. by causing a phase retardance)of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams. Any such alterations of thepolarization states of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams may becompensated for by independently adjusting the polarization states ofthe pre-pulse and the main-pulse laser beams with the first and secondpolarization adjusters.

In an alternative embodiment, a laser radiation source 101 may include apolarization adjuster which is positioned in the common optical path 117of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams and which is configured toadjust the polarization state of both the pre-pulse and the main-pulselaser beams. A polarization adjuster which is positioned in the commonoptical path 117 of the pre-pulse and the main-pulse laser beams may,for example, cause different polarization adjustments in the pre-pulseand main-pulse laser beams due to the different wavelengths of thepre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams. In order to compensate for thedifference in polarization adjustment to the pre-pulse and themain-pulse laser beam, one or more further polarization adjusters may bepositioned in the separated optical path of the pre-pulse or themain-pulse laser beam in the beam separation apparatus so as to allowthe polarization state of the pre-pulse laser beam and/or the main-pulselaser beam to be adjusted independently of the other laser beam.

Whilst the beam separation device 125 has been described above in thecontext of allowing independent adjustment to the polarization state ofthe pre-pulse and/or the main-pulse laser beams the beam separationdevice 125 may serve other functions. For example, the beam separationdevice 125 may allow the position, direction of propagation and/ordivergence of the pre-pulse and/or the main-pulse laser beams to beindependently adjusted. As was mentioned above pulses of the pre-pulseand main-pulse laser beams serve different functions and are incident onthe fuel target 129 at different times. As such it may be desirable toindependently adjust one or more properties of the pre-pulse and/or themain-pulse laser beams so as to condition the laser beams to performtheir desired functions.

In embodiments in which one or more properties of the pre-pulse and/orthe main-pulse laser beams are independently adjusted, the optical pathsof the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams may not be preciselyrecombined by the beam separation device 125. That is, the optical pathsof the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams through the beam deliveryapparatus 127 and to the fuel target 129 may not be precisely the sameand the position at which the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams areincident on the fuel target 129 may not be precisely the same. However,the beam separation device 125 may be considered to substantiallyrecombine the optical paths of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beamssuch that common optical components may be used to direct or adjust boththe pre-pulse and the main-pulse laser beams. Embodiments of a laserradiation source have been described above which include at least onepolarization adjuster configured to adjust the polarization state of thepre-pulse laser beam 109 and/or the main-pulse laser beam 111. As wasdescribed above a polarization adjuster may, for example, comprise awave plate (e.g. a half-wave plate). However, in some embodiments apolarization adjuster may take other forms and may comprise any opticalelement or combination of optical elements which are configured toadjust the polarization state of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 and/or themain pulse laser beam 111.

FIG. 4, is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a polarizationadjuster 150. The polarization adjuster 150 comprises four mirrors 151a-151 d arranged to reflect a laser beam 153. A first mirror 151 areceives an input laser beam 153′ and reflects the laser beam to beincident on a second mirror 151 b. The second mirror 151 b reflects thelaser beam to be incident on a third mirror 151 c. The third mirror 151c reflects the laser beam to be incident on a fourth mirror 151 d. Thefourth mirror 151 d reflects the laser beam so as to provide an outputlaser beam 153″. In the embodiment which is shown in FIG. 4 the mirrors151 a-151 d are arranged such that the output laser beam 153″ isapproximately collinear with the input laser beam 153′. The polarizationadjuster 150 does not therefore substantially alter the direction ofpropagation of the laser beam 153.

At least one of the mirrors 151 a-151 d is a reflective phase retarder.A reflective phase retarder may, for example, comprise a multi-layermirror which is configured to introduce a phase retardance to the laserbeam 153. In an embodiment a single one of the mirrors 151 a-151 d is areflective phase retarder and the remaining mirrors are non-phaseretarding mirrors. In other embodiments a plurality of the mirrors 151a-151 d may be reflective phase retarders and any remaining mirrors maybe non-phase retarding mirrors.

The phase retardance which is introduced to the laser beam 153 by areflective phase retarder may be a function of the angle of incidence atwhich the laser beam is incident on the reflective phase retarder. Thephase retardance which is introduced to the laser beam by thepolarization adjuster 150 may therefore be controlled by controlling theangle of incidence at which the laser beam 153 is incident on the one ormore reflective phase retarders of the polarization adjuster 150. Forexample, the mirrors 151 a-151 d may be rotatable, as indicated by thedouble-headed arrows in FIG. 4, so as to change the angle of incidencewith which the laser beam 153 is incident on the mirrors 151 a-151 d andthereby change the phase retardance which is introduced to the laserbeam 153 by the polarization adjuster 150.

The mirrors 151 a-151 d may, for example, be rotated by one or moreactuators (not shown) which are operable to rotate the mirrors so as tochange the angle of incidence with which the laser beam 153 is incidenton the mirrors. The mirrors 151 a-151 d may be rotated together suchthat the position and direction of propagation of the laser beam 153 isnot changed by rotation of the mirrors 151 a-151 d. For example, themirrors 151 a-151 d may be rotated together such that the angle ofincidence at each mirror is the same for all four mirrors 151 a-151 d.

A polarization adjuster 150 of the form which is shown in FIG. 4 may,for example, be used as the first polarization adjuster 139 and/or thesecond polarization adjuster 141 which are positioned in the separatedoptical paths of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams. Additionallyor alternatively a polarization adjuster 150 of the form which is shownin FIG. 4 may be positioned in the common optical path 117 of thepre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams such that the polarization adjuster150 adjusts the polarization state of both the pre-pulse and themain-pulse laser beams.

The embodiment of a polarization adjuster 150 includes four mirrors 151a-151 d of which at least one is a reflective phase retarder. Thisallows a laser beam 153′ which is input to the polarization adjuster toremain collinear with a laser beam 153″ which is output from thepolarization adjuster. However in other embodiments a polarizationadjuster may include a different number of mirrors than four. Forexample, a polarization adjuster may comprise a single reflective phaseretardance whose orientation may be controlled so as to control thephase retardance which is introduced to a laser beam by the phaseretarder. However, a polarization adjuster which comprises a singlemirror will alter the direction of propagation and the position of alaser beam. An embodiment of a polarization adjuster which comprises twomirrors may be arranged such that the direction of propagation of alaser beam is not altered by the polarization adjuster. However such anembodiment may cause a change in the position of the laser beam.

In the embodiment of a laser radiation source 101 which is shown in FIG.3, reflections of both the pre-pulse and the main-pulse laser beams areblocked by the same polarizer 131 which forms part of the opticalisolator 121. However in some embodiments a polarizer which is used toblock a reflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 may be separate to apolarizer which is used to block a reflection of the main-pulse laserbeam 111.

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of a pre-pulseisolator 200 which may be used to block a reflection of the pre-pulselaser beam 109 separately from the main-pulse laser beam 111. Thepre-pulse isolator 200 may, for example, be included in a laserradiation source in addition to the optical isolator 121. The pre-pulseisolator 200 may be positioned in the common optical path 117 of thepre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams and between the optical isolator121 and the fuel target 129. In an embodiment of a laser radiationsource the pre-pulse isolator 200 may be positioned in the commonoptical path 117 of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams and betweenthe amplification stage 123 and the fuel target 129.

The pre-pulse isolator 200 comprises a first dichroic mirror 230 a whichis arranged to separate the optical paths of the pre-pulse andmain-pulse laser beams and a second dichroic mirror 230 b which isarranged to recombine the optical paths of the pre-pulse and main-pulselaser beams. In the embodiment which is shown in FIG. 5 the dichroicmirrors 230 a, 230 b are configured to substantially transmit radiationhaving the wavelength of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 and substantiallyreflect radiation having the wavelength of the main-pulse laser beam111. However, in alternative embodiments the dichroic mirrors 230 a, 230b may be configured to substantially reflect radiation having thewavelength of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 and substantially transmitradiation having the wavelength of the main-pulse laser beam 111.

The dichroic mirrors 230 a, 230 b of the pre-pulse isolator 200 providesseparated optical paths of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams,which allows the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams to be treatedseparately. A first reflective phase retarder 233 a is arranged in theseparated optical path of the pre-pulse laser beam 109. The pre-pulselaser beam 109 which is incident on the first reflective phase retarder233 a has a polarization state which has been adjusted by the phaseretarder 133 of the optical isolator 121. For example, the phaseretarder 133 of the optical isolator 121 may introduce a phaseretardance to the pre-pulse laser beam 109 which causes the pre-pulselaser beam 109 which is incident on the first reflective phase retarder233 a to have a circular polarization state. The first reflective phaseretarder 233 a may be configured to introduce a phase retardance in thepre-pulse laser beam which converts the circular polarization state ofthe pre-pulse laser beam 109 to a substantially linear polarizationstate.

The pre-pulse laser beam 109 which is reflected from the reflectivephase retarder 233 a (having a substantially linear polarization state)is incident on a first mirror 235 a which is configured to direct thepre-pulse laser beam 109 to pass through a polarizer 237. The polarizer237 may be configured to transmit the linear polarization state of thepre-pulse laser beam 109 as it propagates towards the fuel target 129.The pre-pulse laser beam 109 is further incident on a second mirror 235b which directs the pre-pulse laser beam 109 to be incident on a secondreflective phase retarder 233 b.

The second reflective phase retarder 233 b may be configured to reversethe change in polarization state of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 whichis caused at the first reflective phase retarder 233 a such that thepre-pulse laser beam 109 which is reflected from the second reflectivephase retarder 233 b has substantially the same polarization state asthe pre-pulse laser beam 109 which is incident on the first reflectivephase retarder. For example, the pre-pulse laser beam 109 which isreflected from the second reflective phase retarder 233 b may have acircular polarization state.

The pre-pulse laser beam 109 which is reflected from the secondreflective phase retarder 233 b is recombined with the optical path ofthe main-pulse laser beam 111 at the second dichroic mirror 230 b. Themain pulse laser beam 111 is directed from the first dichroic mirror 230a to the second dichroic mirror 230 b by a third mirror 235 a and afourth mirror 235 d.

As was described above the pre-pulse laser beam 109 which is output fromthe pre-pulse isolator 200 and which propagates towards the fuel target129 may have substantially the same polarization state as the pre-pulselaser beam 109 which arrives at the pre-pulse isolator 200. Thepre-pulse isolator 200 may therefore make substantially no net change tothe polarization state of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 as it propagatestowards the fuel target 129. Similarly the pre-pulse isolator 200 maymake substantially no net change to the polarization state of themain-pulse laser beam 111.

A reflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 from the fuel target 129which returns to the pre-pulse isolator 200 will be incident on thesecond reflective phase retarder 233 b. The second reflective phaseretarder 233 b introduces a phase retardance to a reflection of thepre-pulse laser beam 109 which converts the circular polarization stateof the reflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 to a linearpolarization state. A reflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 whichis incident on the polarizer 237 is therefore substantially linearlypolarized. Since the handedness of the circular polarization state ofthe pre-pulse laser beam is reversed during reflection of the pre-pulselaser beam 109 from the fuel target 129, the linear polarization stateof a reflection of the pre-pulse laser beam which is incident on thepolarizer 237 may be substantially perpendicular to the linearpolarization state which is transmitted by the polarizer 237. Thepolarizer 237 therefore serves to substantially block a reflection ofthe pre-pulse laser beam 109 from propagating towards the laser module101.

In an alternative embodiment of the pre-pulse isolator 200, thepolarizer 237 may be formed on the first mirror 235 a or the secondmirror 235 b. For example, the first mirror 235 a or the second mirror235 b may be coated with an absorbing thin file polarizer.

In an embodiment of a laser radiation source in which the pre-pulseisolator 200 is positioned between an amplification stage 123 and thefuel target 129, the pre-pulse isolator 200 advantageously blocks areflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 from propagating through theamplification stage 123. Blocking a reflection of the pre-pulse laserbeam 109 from propagating through the amplification stage 123 preventsthe reflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 being amplified in theamplification stage 123. The power of a reflection of the pre-pulselaser beam 109 may therefore remain relatively low which may reduce thechances of the reflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 from causingdamage to components of the laser radiation source. Blocking areflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 from propagating through theamplification stage 123 additionally prevents the reflection of thepre-pulse laser beam 109 from causing gain stripping in theamplification stage.

Some embodiments, of a laser radiation source may include a separatepre-pulse isolator 200 and a separate beam separation device 125.However, in some embodiments a pre-pulse isolator may be arranged in theseparated optical path of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 in the beamseparation device 125. For example, one or more phase retarders and apolarizer may be arranged in the separated optical path of the pre-pulselaser beam 109 in the beam separation device 125 and may be configuredto block a reflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 from propagatingtowards the laser module 103.

A reflection of the main-pulse laser beam 111 from the fuel target 129which returns to the pre-pulse isolator 200 is not incident on thepolarizer 237. The pre-pulse isolator 200 which is depicted in FIG. 5does not therefore serve to block a reflection of the main-pulse laserbeam 111 from propagating towards the laser module 103. A reflection ofthe main-pulse laser beam propagates through the pre-pulse isolator 200and returns to the optical isolator 121. In an embodiment of a laserradiation source which includes a pre-pulse isolator which is configuredto block a reflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109, the opticalisolator 121 may be configured to block a reflection of the main-pulselaser beam 111.

In an alternative embodiment, an additional polarizer may be positionedin a separated optical path of the main-pulse laser beam 111.Additionally one or more phase retarders may be positioned in theseparated optical path of the main-pulse laser beam 111 such that areflection of the main-pulse laser beam 111 is incident on theadditional polarizer with a polarization state which causes thereflection of the main-pulse laser beam 111 to be blocked by theadditional polarizer. In an embodiment an additional polarizer and oneor more phase retarders may be positioned in the separated optical pathof the main-pulse laser beam 111 in the beam separation device 125and/or in a pre-pulse isolator 200.

In embodiments in which an additional polarizer and one or more phaseretarders is positioned in a separated optical path of the main-pulselaser beam 111 between an amplification stage 123 and the fuel target, areflection of the main-pulse laser beam may be blocked from propagatingthrough the amplification stage 123. Blocking a reflection of themain-pulse laser beam 111 from propagating through the amplificationstage 123 advantageously prevents amplification of the reflection of themain-pulse laser beam 111 and prevents a reflection of the main-pulselaser beam 111 from causing gain-stripping in the amplification stage123. However positioning a polarizer in the path of the main-pulse laserbeam 111 between the amplification stage and the fuel target 129 meansthat the main-pulse laser beam which is incident on the polarizer andwhich propagates towards the fuel target has been amplified in theamplification stage 123. Amplification of the main-pulse laser beam 111in the amplification stage 123 may result in a main-pulse laser beam 111having a relatively high power. The power of the amplified main-pulselaser beam 111 may, for example, be sufficient to cause damage to apolarizer. Positioning a polarizer in the path of the main-pulse laserbeam 111 between the amplification stage and the fuel target 129 maytherefore result in damage being caused to the polarizer.

In general the pre-pulse laser beam 109 has a lower power than themain-pulse laser beam 111. A polarizer which is positioned in aseparated optical path of an amplified pre-pulse laser beam 109 maytherefore be less likely to result in damage being caused to thepolarizer than to a polarizer which is positioned in a separated opticalpath of an amplified main-pulse laser beam 111.

As was mentioned above, in some embodiments a first polarizer may bepositioned in a separated optical path of the pre-pulse laser beam 109and a second polarizer may be positioned in a separated optical path ofthe main-pulse laser beam 111. The first polarizer may be configured tosubstantially block radiation having the polarization state of areflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 so as to block the reflectionof the pre-pulse laser beam 109 from propagating towards the lasermodule 103. The second polarizer may be configured to substantiallyblock radiation having the polarization state of a reflection of themain-pulse laser beam 111 so as to block the reflection of themain-pulse laser beam 111 from propagating towards the laser module 103.

It will be appreciated that in embodiments in which separate first andsecond polarizers are positioned in separated optical paths of thepre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams so as to block reflections of thepre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams, there may be no need for apolarizer to be positioned in the common optical path of the pre-pulseand main-pulse laser beams. In such embodiments the polarization statesof the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams may be treated entirelyseparately. For example, the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams may beemitted from the laser module 103 having different linear polarizationstates. In such embodiments the first and second polarizers which arepositioned in separated optical paths of the pre-pulse and main-pulselaser beams may be configured to transmit different polarization statesand may be configured to block different polarization states. Thepolarization states of reflections of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laserbeams therefore need not be the same since the first and secondpolarizers may be independently configured to separately block thereflections.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of an alternative embodiment of alaser radiation source 101′. The laser radiation source 101′ which isshown in FIG. 6 differs from the laser radiation source 101 which isshown in FIG. 3 in that the pre-pulse laser beam and the main-pulselaser beam propagate through separate pre-amplifiers and separateoptical isolators before being combined in a common optical path 117.

The laser radiation source 101′ includes a laser module 103 comprising apre-pulse seed laser 105 configured to emit a pre-pulse laser beam 109and a main-pulse seed laser 107 configured to emit a main-pulse laserbeam 111. The pre-pulse laser beam 109 is amplified in a firstpre-amplifier 119 a. The main-pulse laser beam 111 is amplified in asecond pre-amplifier 119 b. A first optical isolator 121 a is positionedin the path of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 and a second opticalisolator 121 b is positioned in the path of the main-pulse laser beam111. The first and second optical isolators 121 a, 121 b each include apolarizer 131 and a phase retarder 133.

The pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams are combined at a beam combiner113 which may, for example, comprise a dichroic mirror. The beamcombiner 113 serves to combine the optical paths of the pre-pulse andmain-pulse laser beams as they propagate towards the fuel target and toseparate the optical paths of reflections of the pre-pulse andmain-pulse laser beams as they propagate towards the laser module 103.The beam combiner 113 therefore ensures that only a reflection of thepre-pulse laser beam 109 reaches the first optical isolator 121 a andonly a reflection of the main-pulse laser beam 111 reaches the secondoptical isolator 121 b. The first optical isolator 121 a may thereforebe independently configured to block a reflection of the pre-pulse laserbeam 109 from propagating towards the laser module 103 and the secondoptical isolator 121 b may be independently configured to block areflection of the main-pulse laser beam 111 from propagating towards thelaser module 103. Providing separate optical isolators 121 a and 121 bfor the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams may therefore allow thepolarization states of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams to betreated separately.

The laser radiation source 101′ which is shown in FIG. 6 includesseparate first and second pre-amplifiers 119 a, 119 b which areconfigured to amplify the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beamsrespectively. The provision of a separate second pre-amplifier 119 bwhich is configured to amplify the main-pulse laser beam 111 and whichis positioned in a separated optical path of the main-pulse laser beam111 prevents a reflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 from passingthrough the second pre-amplifier 119 b which is used to amplify themain-pulse laser beam 111. A reflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109does not therefore cause gain-stripping in the second pre-amplifier andtherefore the gain which is available in the second pre-amplifier 119 bis not decreased by a reflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109.

In the embodiment of a laser radiation source 101′ which is shown inFIG. 6 the beam combiner 113 is configured to substantially transmitradiation having the wavelength of the main-pulse laser beam 111 and tosubstantially reflect radiation having the wavelength of the pre-pulselaser beam 109. However, in practice the beam combiner 113 may transmita small portion of a reflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 and mayreflect a small portion of a reflection of the main-pulse laser beam111. A small portion of a reflection of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 maytherefore be incident on the second optical isolator 121 b and a smallportion of a reflection of the main-pulse laser beam 111 may be incidenton the first optical isolator 121 a. Since the first optical isolator121 a is specifically configured to block a reflection of the pre-pulselaser beam 109 and the second optical isolator 121 b is specificallyconfigured to block a reflection of the main-pulse laser beam 111, thefirst optical isolator 121 a may transmit a small portion of thereflection of the main-pulse laser beam 111 and the second opticalisolator 121 b may transmit a small portion of the reflection of thepre-pulse laser beam 109. This may result in a portion of a reflectionof the pre-pulse laser beam 109 passing through the second pre-amplifier119 b and a portion of a reflection of the main-pulse laser beam 111passing through the first pre-amplifier 119 a.

In order to reduce any transmission of a reflection of the pre-pulselaser beam 109 to the second pre-amplifier 119 b and/or any transmissionof a reflection of the main-pulse laser beam 111 to the firstpre-amplifier 119 a, further wavelength dependent components may bepositioned in the separate optical paths the pre-pulse and/or themain-pulse laser beams. For example, one or more dichroic mirrors may bepositioned in the separate optical path of the pre-pulse laser beam 109which are configured to substantially transmit radiation having thewavelength of the pre-pulse laser beam 109 and substantially reflectradiation having the wavelength of the main-pulse laser beam 111.Additionally or alternatively one or more dichroic mirrors may bepositioned in the separate optical path of the main-pulse laser beam 111which are configured to substantially transmit radiation having thewavelength of the main-pulse laser beam 111 and substantially reflectradiation having the wavelength of the pre-pulse laser beam 109.

Multiple embodiments of a laser radiation source have been describedabove which include one or more components configured to block areflection of a main-pulse laser beam from propagating towards a lasermodule and one or more components configured to block a reflection of apre-pulse laser beam from propagating towards the laser module. It willbe appreciated from the described embodiments that there are a number ofdifferent configurations of components which may be used to block areflection of a pre-pulse laser beam and to block a reflection of amain-pulse laser beam.

In general a laser radiation source may include an optical isolationapparatus which is configured to adjust the polarization state of thepre-pulse laser beam such that a reflection of the pre-pulse laser beamfrom a fuel target has a first polarization state and to adjust thepolarization state of the main-pulse laser beam such that a reflectionof the main-pulse laser beam from the fuel target has a secondpolarization state. The optical isolation apparatus is furtherconfigured to block radiation having the first and second polarizationstates such that reflections of the pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beamsare substantially blocked from propagating towards a laser module of thelaser radiation source.

In some embodiments, the optical isolation apparatus may, for example,comprise the optical isolator 121 and the first and second polarizationadjusters 139 and 141 which are shown in the laser radiation source 101of FIG. 3. In some embodiments, the optical isolation apparatus may, forexample, include a pre-pulse isolator such as the pre-pulse isolator 200shown in FIG. 5. In some embodiments the first and second polarizationstates may be the same and the optical isolation apparatus may include asingle polarizer which may be used to block both a reflection of thepre-pulse laser beam and a reflection of a main-pulse laser beam. Inother embodiments the first and second polarization states may bedifferent from each other and the optical isolation apparatus mayinclude separate polarizers configured to block the first and secondpolarization states.

In some embodiments the optical isolation apparatus may include apolarization adjuster which is positioned in a separated optical path ofthe pre-pulse laser beam or a separated optical path of the main-pulselaser beam. The polarization adjuster may be configured to adjust thepolarization state of the pre-pulse or the main-pulse laser beamindependently of the other of the pre-pulse and the main-pulse laserbeam.

In other embodiments the polarization states of the pre-pulse and themain-pulse laser beams may only be adjuster together by a polarizationadjuster which is positioned in a common optical path of the pre-pulseand main-pulse laser beams. However the different wavelengths of thepre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams may cause the polarizationadjustments which are applied to the laser beams to be different for thepre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams. This may result in the first andsecond polarization states of reflections of the pre-pulse andmain-pulse laser beam being different from one another. In suchembodiments, separate polarizers may be used to block the first andsecond polarization states. For example, a first polarizer may bepositioned in a separate optical path of the pre-pulse laser beam andmay be configured to block the first polarization state. A secondpolarizer which is configured to block the second polarization state maybe positioned in a separated optical path of the main-pulse laser beamor may be positioned in a common optical path of both the pre-pulse andthe main-pulse laser beams.

In some embodiments the polarization adjustment which is applied to thepre-pulse laser beam and/or the main-pulse laser beam may controllable.For example, a measurement of a reflection of the pre-pulse laser beamand/or a reflection of the main-pulse laser beam which is not blocked bythe optical isolation apparatus may be taken. In the event that theoptical isolation apparatus does not substantially block a reflection ofthe pre-pulse laser beam and a reflection of the main-pulse laser beamthen the polarization adjustment which is applied to the pre-pulseand/or the main-pulse laser beams may be altered until the reflectionsare substantially blocked.

In general the optical isolation apparatus may comprise any combinationof components which are configured to adjust the polarization states ofthe pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams such that a reflection of thepre-pulse laser beam has a first polarization state and a reflection ofthe main-pulse laser beam has a second polarization state and to blockradiation having the first and second polarization states. It will beappreciated by those skilled in the art that arrangements of componentsother than those described above may be used to form the opticalisolation apparatus.

Whilst embodiments of the invention have been described in the contextof a laser radiation source which emits a pre-pulse laser beam and amain-pulse laser beam for excitation of a fuel target, the invention maybe used in other applications. For example, the laser radiation sourcemay be configured to emit any first and second laser beams which need tobe pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams. Any references made in thisdescription to pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beams may therefore bemore generally replaced by reference to first and second laser beamswhich need not be pre-pulse and main-pulse laser beam.

Embodiments have been described above in which the optical paths of twolaser beams are combined to follow a common optical path. In someembodiments the optical paths of the two laser beams are subsequentlyseparated and recombined. It will be appreciated that whilst referencehas been made to combining or recombining the optical paths of two laserbeams, the optical paths of the laser beams need not be preciselyaligned with each other. In general any reference to the combination oftwo laser beams such that they follow a common optical path should beinterpreted to mean that the optical paths are combined to the extentthat common optical components may be used to adjust or direct bothlaser beams. However the combined optical paths need not be exactly thesame. As such any reference to the combination of two laser beams suchthat they follow a common optical path should not be interpreted to belimited to precise co-propagation of the laser beams and should insteadinclude cases in which the optical paths of the laser beams are slightlydifferent from one another.

In an embodiment, the invention may form part of a mask inspectionapparatus. The mask inspection apparatus may use EUV radiation toilluminate a mask and use an imaging sensor to monitor radiationreflected from the mask. Images received by the imaging sensor are usedto determine whether or not defects are present in the mask. The maskinspection apparatus may include optics (e.g. mirrors) configured toreceive EUV radiation from an EUV radiation source and form it into aradiation beam to be directed at a mask. The mask inspection apparatusmay further include optics (e.g. mirrors) configured to collect EUVradiation reflected from the mask and form an image of the mask at theimaging sensor. The mask inspection apparatus may include a processorconfigured to analyse the image of the mask at the imaging sensor, andto determine from that analysis whether any defects are present on themask. The processor may further be configured to determine whether adetected mask defect will cause an unacceptable defect in imagesprojected onto a substrate when the mask is used by a lithographicapparatus.

In an embodiment, the invention may form part of a metrology apparatus.The metrology apparatus may be used to measure alignment of a projectedpattern formed in resist on a substrate relative to a pattern alreadypresent on the substrate. This measurement of relative alignment may bereferred to as overlay. The metrology apparatus may for example belocated immediately adjacent to a lithographic apparatus and may be usedto measure the overlay before the substrate (and the resist) has beenprocessed.

Although specific reference may be made in this text to embodiments ofthe invention in the context of a lithographic apparatus, embodiments ofthe invention may be used in other apparatus. Embodiments of theinvention may form part of a mask inspection apparatus, a metrologyapparatus, or any apparatus that measures or processes an object such asa wafer (or other substrate) or mask (or other patterning device). Theseapparatus may be generally referred to as lithographic tools. Such alithographic tool may use vacuum conditions or ambient (non-vacuum)conditions.

The term “EUV radiation” may be considered to encompass electromagneticradiation having a wavelength within the range of 4-20 nm, for examplewithin the range of 13-14 nm. EUV radiation may have a wavelength ofless than 10 nm, for example within the range of 4-10 nm such as 6.7 nmor 6.8 nm.

Although specific reference may be made in this text to the use oflithographic apparatus in the manufacture of ICs, it should beunderstood that the lithographic apparatus described herein may haveother applications. Possible other applications include the manufactureof integrated optical systems, guidance and detection patterns formagnetic domain memories, flat-panel displays, liquid-crystal displays(LCDs), thin-film magnetic heads, etc.

While specific embodiments of the invention have been described above,it will be appreciated that the invention may be practiced otherwisethan as described. The descriptions above are intended to beillustrative, not limiting. Thus it will be apparent to one skilled inthe art that modifications may be made to the invention as describedwithout departing from the scope of the claims set out below.

1. A laser radiation source for a lithographic tool, the laser radiation source comprising: a laser module configured to emit a first laser beam having a first wavelength and a second laser beam having a second wavelength; a beam separation device configured to separate optical paths of the first and second laser beams and substantially recombine the optical paths of the first and second laser beams; a beam delivery system configured to direct the first and second laser beams to be incident on a fuel target; and an optical isolation apparatus configured to: adjust a polarization state of the first laser beam such that a reflection of the first laser beam from the fuel target has a first polarization state; adjust a polarization state of the second laser beam such that a reflection of the second laser beam from the fuel target has a second polarization state; and block radiation having the first and second polarization states such that the reflection of the first laser beam and the reflection of the second laser beam are substantially blocked from propagating towards the laser module.
 2. The laser radiation source of claim 1, wherein the optical isolation apparatus comprises a first polarization adjuster arranged in the optical path of the first laser beam, wherein the first polarization adjuster is configured to adjust the polarization state of the first laser beam independently of the second laser beam.
 3. The laser radiation source of claim 2, wherein the optical isolation apparatus further comprises a second polarization adjuster arranged in the optical path of the second laser beam wherein the second polarization adjuster is configured to adjust the polarization state of the second laser beam.
 4. The laser radiation source of claim 3, wherein the second polarization adjuster is arranged in the optical path of the second laser beam and is configured to adjust the polarization state of the second laser beam independently of the first laser beam.
 5. The laser radiation source of claim 2, wherein: the first polarization state is the same as the second polarization state, and the optical isolation apparatus comprises a polarizer positioned in the optical path of both the first laser beam and the second laser beam, and the polarizer is configured to block radiation having the first and second polarization states.
 6. The laser radiation source of claim 1, wherein the optical isolation apparatus comprises: a first polarizer positioned in the optical path of the first laser beam wherein the first polarizer is configured to block radiation having the first polarization state; and a second polarizer positioned in the optical path of the second laser beam wherein the second polarizer is configured to block radiation having the second polarization state.
 7. The laser radiation source of claim 6, wherein the first polarizer is positioned in the optical path of the first laser beam and is not positioned in the optical path of the second laser beam.
 8. The laser radiation source of claim 1, wherein the optical isolation apparatus comprises at least one phase retarder configured to cause a phase retardance in the first and/or second laser beams.
 9. The laser radiation source of claim 8, wherein the at least one phase retarder is configured to convert a substantially linear polarization state to a substantially circular polarization state and to convert a substantially circular polarization state to a substantially linear polarization state.
 10. The laser radiation source of claim 8, wherein the phase retarder comprises a reflective phase retarder.
 11. The laser radiation source of claim 10, wherein: the phase retardance which is caused by the reflective phase retarder is a function of an angle of incidence of the first and/or second laser beams on the reflective phase retarder, and the phase retarder further comprises an actuator configured to alter orientation of the reflective phase retarder so as to alter the angle of incidence of the first and/or second laser beams on the reflective phase retarder.
 12. A laser radiation source for a lithographic tool, the laser radiation source comprising: a first seed laser configured to emit a first laser beam having a first wavelength; a first amplifier configured to amplify the first laser beam; a second seed laser configured to emit a second laser beam having a second wavelength which is different to the first wavelength; a second amplifier configured to amplify the second laser beam; a beam combination apparatus configured to substantially combine the optical paths of the first amplified laser beam and the second amplified laser beam; and a beam delivery system configured to direct the first and second amplified laser beams to be incident on a fuel target.
 13. The laser radiation source of claim 12, further comprising a first optical isolator arranged in the optical path of the first laser beam between the first amplifier and the beam combination apparatus, wherein the first optical isolator is configured to substantially block a reflection of the first laser beam from the fuel target from propagating towards the first amplifier.
 14. The laser radiation source of claim 13, further comprising a second optical isolator arranged in the optical path of the second laser beam between the second amplifier and the beam combination apparatus, wherein the second optical isolator is configured to substantially block a reflection of the second laser beam from the fuel target from propagating towards the second amplifier.
 15. A method of providing first and second laser beams, the method comprising: emitting a first laser beam having a first wavelength and a second laser beam having a second wavelength from a laser module; separating optical paths of the first and second laser beams and substantially recombining the optical paths of the first and second laser beams; directing the first and second laser beams to be incident on a fuel target; adjusting polarization state of the first laser beam such that a reflection of the first laser beam from the fuel target has a first polarization state; adjusting polarization state of the second laser beam such that a reflection of the second laser beam from the fuel target has a second polarization state; and blocking radiation having the first and second polarization states such that the reflection of the first laser beam and the reflection of the second laser beam are substantially blocked from propagating towards the laser module. 